Mind Map: Electricity sector

By -

Electricity is one of the largest commodity in the world, which is given high priority that are inter linked with other commodities or dependent directly or indirectly. Electricity sector mind map, elaborating on each key area to provide greater insight:

Main Hub: Electricity Sector

  1. Generation

    • Renewable Energy Sources:
      • Solar:
        • Photovoltaic (PV): Rooftop solar, utility-scale solar farms.
        • Concentrated Solar Power (CSP): Parabolic troughs, solar power towers.
        • Floating Solar: Solar PV systems installed on water bodies.
      • Wind:
        • Onshore Wind: Land-based wind turbines.
        • Offshore Wind: Wind farms located in oceans or large water bodies.
        • Hybrid Systems: Wind-solar combinations.
      • Hydropower:
        • Large Hydro: Dam-based, conventional hydropower plants.
        • Small and Micro Hydro: Suitable for localized, small-scale generation.
        • Pumped Hydro: Energy storage using water reservoirs.
      • Biomass and Waste-to-Energy:
        • Biogas: Organic waste converted to methane.
        • Solid Biomass: Wood, agricultural residues.
        • Municipal Solid Waste (MSW): Waste incineration for electricity.
      • Geothermal:
        • Flash Steam Plants: High-temperature geothermal reservoirs.
        • Binary Cycle Plants: Low to moderate temperature sources.
    • Non-Renewable Sources:
      • Coal:
        • Thermal Power Plants: Pulverized coal combustion.
        • Ultra-Supercritical Technology: Improved efficiency, lower emissions.
      • Natural Gas:
        • Open Cycle Gas Turbines (OCGT).
        • Combined Cycle Gas Turbines (CCGT): Better efficiency by utilizing exhaust heat.
      • Nuclear:
        • Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR).
        • Fast Breeder Reactors.
      • Diesel and Other Fossil Fuels:
        • Backup Generation: For peak load and emergency situations.

  2. Transmission

    • High-Voltage Transmission Lines:
      • AC Transmission: Bulk power transfer over long distances.
      • DC Transmission (HVDC): Efficient over longer distances with reduced losses.
    • Grid Interconnection:
      • National Grid: Unified national network for electricity transmission.
      • Regional Grids: Independent grids interconnected at strategic points.
      • Cross-Border Interconnection: Imports and exports of electricity.
    • Grid Stability and Reliability:
      • Voltage Regulation: Reactive power management.
      • Frequency Control: Synchronizing generation and demand.
      • FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems): Power flow control.
    • Substations:
      • Step-up and Step-down Transformers: Voltage conversion.
      • Switchgear: Protection, control, and isolation.

  3. Distribution

    • Distribution Lines (Medium and Low Voltage):
      • Rural Electrification: Extending grid coverage to rural areas.
      • Urban Distribution: Complex, dense network supplying cities.
    • DISCOMs (Distribution Companies):
      • Public and Private Distribution: Government-owned vs. privatized utilities.
      • Operational Challenges: Power theft, billing inefficiencies, supply reliability.
    • Smart Grid:
      • Smart Meters: Real-time monitoring of power usage.
      • Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI): Two-way communication systems.
      • Demand Response Programs: Reducing or shifting power consumption during peak hours.

  4. Consumption

    • Residential Consumers:
      • Household Appliances: Air conditioning, lighting, electric stoves.
      • Energy Efficiency Programs: Promotion of LED bulbs, energy-efficient appliances.
    • Commercial Consumers:
      • Office Buildings: HVAC systems, lighting, elevators.
      • Retail Outlets: Cooling, refrigeration, and lighting.
    • Industrial Consumers:
      • Heavy Industry: Steel, cement, chemical manufacturing.
      • Medium Industry: Food processing, textile mills.
      • Demand Management: Load balancing and process scheduling.
    • Agricultural Use:
      • Water Pumping: Irrigation pumps powered by electricity.
      • Energy Subsidies: Lower tariff rates to support farmers.
    • Transportation:
      • Electric Vehicles (EVs):
        • Personal Vehicles: EV cars, scooters.
        • Public Transport: Electric buses, e-rickshaws.
      • Charging Infrastructure:
        • Home Chargers: AC Level 1 and Level 2.
        • Fast Chargers: DC fast charging stations.

  5. Energy Storage

    • Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS):
      • Lithium-ion: Dominant for grid and home storage.
      • Sodium-ion, Solid-State: Emerging battery technologies.
      • Community Storage Solutions: Localized energy banks.
    • Pumped Hydro Storage:
      • Reservoir Systems: Using upper and lower reservoirs for energy storage.
    • Flywheels and Compressed Air Energy Storage:
      • Mechanical Storage: Storing kinetic energy using flywheels.
      • Compressed Air: Storing compressed air in underground caverns.
    • Thermal Energy Storage:
      • Molten Salt: Used with CSP plants.
      • Ice Storage: Cooling storage for HVAC systems.

  6. Grid Modernization

    • Smart Grids and Automation:
      • SCADA Systems: Supervisory control and data acquisition.
      • Automatic Reclosers: Automatic restoration of power after a fault.
    • IoT and Sensors for Monitoring:
      • Grid Health Monitoring: Sensors to detect faults and manage loads.
      • Transformer Monitoring: Temperature, oil quality, and load metrics.
    • Artificial Intelligence for Grid Management:
      • Predictive Maintenance: Identifying potential issues before they cause outages.
      • Fault Detection and Isolation: AI to quickly isolate issues and reroute power.
    • Decentralized Energy Systems:
      • Microgrids: Localized grids that can operate independently.
      • Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading: Consumers trade excess power using blockchain technology.

  7. Regulatory and Policy Framework

    • Government Policies and Incentives:
      • Subsidies for Renewables: Financial incentives for solar, wind installations.
      • Tax Breaks: For setting up renewable power plants.
    • Tariff Regulation:
      • Feed-in Tariff (FiT): Guaranteed payment to renewable energy producers.
      • Time-of-Use Pricing: Varying tariffs based on peak and off-peak hours.
    • Open Access:
      • Wheeling Charges: Cost for using transmission/distribution networks.
      • Cross Subsidy Surcharges: Charges to cover the gap between subsidized and unsubsidized consumers.
    • Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO):
      • State RPO Targets: Mandates for utilities to purchase a portion of power from renewable sources.

  8. Market Players

    • Power Generators (Public and Private):
      • Government-Owned: NTPC, NHPC, etc.
      • Private Players: Tata Power, Adani Power.
    • Transmission Operators:
      • Central and Regional Operators: Power Grid Corporation of India.
      • Private Transmission Licensees.
    • Distribution Companies (DISCOMs):
      • State-Owned DISCOMs: Reliance on government subsidies.
      • Privatized Distribution: Tata Power-DDL, BSES.
    • Energy Traders and Brokers:
      • Power Exchanges: IEX, PXIL for spot market trading.
      • Contractual Power Agreements: Long-term bilateral agreements.
    • Energy Service Companies (ESCOs):
      • Energy Audits: Identifying efficiency opportunities.
      • Guaranteed Energy Savings Contracts.

  9. Consumer Empowerment

    • Rooftop Solar Integration:
      • Net Metering: Consumers are credited for excess power supplied to the grid.
      • Feed-in Tariffs: Selling power to the grid at a predetermined rate.
    • Demand Side Management (DSM):
      • Home Energy Management Systems (HEMS): Smart control of appliances.
      • Peak Load Reduction: Shifting demand to non-peak hours.

  10. Environmental and Social Aspects

    • Carbon Emissions and GHG Reduction:
      • Transition to Renewables: Replacing coal and natural gas with solar, wind.
      • Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS).
    • Energy Access and Equity:
      • Electrification in Remote Areas: Providing reliable power supply.
      • Social Impacts: Job creation, displacement concerns.
    • Impact on Flora and Fauna:
      • Wind Farms: Effects on bird and bat populations.
      • Hydropower: River ecosystem disruption.
    • Waste Management:
      • Solar PV Recycling: Handling end-of-life panels.
      • Transformer Oil Disposal: Minimizing oil pollution.

  11. Decentralization and Hybrid Systems

    • Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems:
      • Solar-Wind-Battery Combinations.
      • Solar-Biomass Systems: Diversifying renewable input.
    • Community-Based Mini-Grids:
      • Rural Electrification: Electrification without reliance on centralized grids.
      • Decentralized Solar and Wind Projects.

  12. International Perspectives

    • Cross-Border Electricity Trade:
      • South Asia Grid Integration: Interconnection of grids across neighboring countries.
      • Global Trade Initiatives: Partnerships for electricity exchange.
    • Electricity Market Reforms:
      • Deregulation and Liberalization: Experience from Europe and the US.
      • Renewable Energy Auctions: Competitive bidding for renewable project allocation.

This expanded outline provides a more in-depth look into each area of the electricity sector, highlighting key technologies, processes, and initiatives to develop a comprehensive understanding of the sector.

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular Posts

Recycle Marts development in urban and rural areas

By -
Image
In most of the western countries and developing countries are launching the new concept called the “ Recycling Malls ” in major cities and towns across their countries. The main objective of the recycle mart is to sell the used products (ex: used plastic, glass, paper, etc.). This is an innovative way of making things and helping in reducing environmental pollution in the surroundings across the globe.   There are different kinds of pollutions that are generated effecting Air, Water, Land, Food, Sea, Ocean pollutions. It is damaging the EARTH gradually and impacting directly and indirectly that are highly toxic and increase the scope of new harmful viruses etc.   Issue: Wastes are different types that are generated in the world which is mostly produced by man. Anything that is produced excess and unable to control is added into pollutant list. The recycling plants are getting adopted across the globe with different techniques, methodologies and Strategic ways in c...
Read more

World’s Largest Single Rooftop solar power plant in India

By -
Image
Solar panels installed on the roof with a capacity of 11.5 MW in Punjab state in India India’s solar mission which has kept at a target of 175 GW and the government is trying to keep its word to generate power from all kinds of Renewable Energy Resources. As it is focused on Solar, Wind and Biomass power generation technologies. We all know that a roof is the zero cost of land and uses the space for solar panel installation. There is no requirement of a special setup is installing the solar roof. Depending upon the roof size and shading and direction of the sunlight is considered for setting up the solar panels. But, most of them have small or medium roofs that can generate in kiloWatts (kW) or Megawatt (MW) scale. In Amritsar, there is an installation od 11.5 MW capacity of a solar power plant which is completely covered with solar roof which will benefit 8000 households was built by Radha Saomi Satsang Beas (RSSB), a religious organization in Punjab. Badal along with New and Re...
Read more

Honda can be the Indian EV Market giant comparing to OEMs

By -
Image
Honda is one of the popular brands in the Indian automobile industry. with the Activa petrol scooter with multiple versions, the company is come up with an electric version which Indian consumers are awaiting for the same. Apart from their plans to launch the electric vehicle in the Indian market, some of the key points are strong enough for Honda can capture a great EV market share in the country. Kinetic Honda is the predecessor for Honda Activa which was a big hit in 90s.  Year wise Activa Models released by Honda:  2001,  2002,  2007,  2008,  2009,  2018,  2019,  2020,  2021 Some of the key advantages for Honda can be a great EV market giant compared with startups and OEMs due to the following: Charging facilities in service stations: As Honda has 334+ service stations [1] across various states in India, the majority of them are bigger compared to other two-wheeler service stations. So a large charging infrastructure network and fa...
Read more

Solar Cell efficiency with new polymer devices

By -
Image
India is witnessing a new chapter in the growth of the renewable sector, mainly in the solar sector. Hence, any new breakthrough in the field of solar cells and solar power generation is beneficial for India. New technology is being developed in the University of Chicago within the confines of its chemistry laboratory by Professor “Luping Yu”. A new kind of solar panel was designed and manufactured which has a higher efficiency when compared with the currently running modules used for power generation. The given polymer solar cell consists of a new polymer, called "PID2". The new polymer improves the efficiency of electrical power generation by 15 per cent when added to a standard polymer-fullerene mixture. New light has been shed on solar power generation using devices made with polymers. Researchers identified a new polymer a type of large molecule that forms plastics and other familiar materials which improved the efficiency of solar cells. The group also determined th...
Read more

Achieving 175 GW RE Target by INDIA With Extended 450 GW BY 2030 Ambitious Target

By -
Image
The Indian government has kept a target of 175 GW installed capacity using different renewable energy technologies in the country. Currently, the total installed capacity of the country is 367.3 GW of which thermal is 230.72 GW , Nuclear is 6.78 GW , Hydro is 45.4 GW and RE is 84.4 GW as on 31.12.2019. For the month of December 2019 the electricity generated in different power segments is 86.1 BU in thermal, 3.6 BU in Nuclear, 8.9 BU in Hydro and 9.3 BU in RE [1] . Currently, the total renewable installed capacity is 57.472 GW ( 12.5 GW of solar i.e., 21.8% and 32.3 GW of wind i.e., 56.2% ).  Depending upon the current installation frequency, we can forecast whether we can reach the target by 2022 or 2030 . MNRE is exploring with new innovative approach for increasing the capacity of renewable energy in the country and promoting them for the same. [2] Benefits with 175 GW RE target   Reduces the carbon footprints in the country and promotes renewable energy tech...
Read more