14 Chemicals used for diff. battery manuf. Industry

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Some of the key materials or chemicals that are needed in manufacturing different combinations of batteries for energy storage:

  1. Cadmium
  2. Zinc Chloride
  3. Manganese Oxide
  4. Lithium - Lithium copper oxide
  5. Nickel
  6. Ammonium chloride
  7. Lead (iv) oxide
  8. Iron disulphide
  9. Copper oxide
  10. carbon fluoride
  11. Chromium Oxide
  12. Mercury oxide
  13. Magnesium
  14. Silver Oxide

the information on key battery materials, focusing on their global availability, extraction process, and GHG emissions associated with production:

1. Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) Batteries

  • Key Materials: Cadmium, Nickel
  • Resource Availability:
    • Cadmium: Found as a byproduct of zinc refining; major producers include China, Korea, and Japan.
    • Nickel: Abundant in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Russia.
  • Extraction Process:
    • Cadmium: Extracted during zinc smelting; involves roasting zinc ores, releasing cadmium vapor, which is then refined.
    • Nickel: Typically extracted from sulfide or laterite ores using smelting or hydrometallurgical techniques.
  • GHG Emissions:
    • Cadmium refining: Emits 5-10 kg CO₂e/kg.
    • Nickel mining and refining: Emits 20-30 kg CO₂e/kg, largely from energy-intensive processes.

2. Zinc-Carbon Batteries

  • Key Materials: Zinc Chloride, Ammonium Chloride, Manganese Oxide
  • Resource Availability:
    • Zinc: Major reserves in China, Australia, and Peru.
    • Manganese: Found in South Africa, Australia, and Gabon.
  • Extraction Process:
    • Zinc: Extracted via pyrometallurgy or hydrometallurgy from sphalerite ores.
    • Manganese: Extracted from ores like pyrolusite via crushing and leaching.
  • GHG Emissions:
    • Zinc refining: 4-8 kg CO₂e/kg.
    • Manganese refining: 10-15 kg CO₂e/kg.

3. Lithium-Ion Batteries

  • Key Materials: Lithium, Lithium Copper Oxide
  • Resource Availability:
    • Lithium: Found in brine deposits (Chile, Argentina) and hard rock (Australia).
  • Extraction Process:
    • Brine extraction: Pumping lithium-rich brine to the surface, allowing evaporation.
    • Hard rock mining: Crushing and roasting spodumene ore.
  • GHG Emissions:
    • Brine-based: 5-10 kg CO₂e/kg.
    • Hard rock-based: 15-20 kg CO₂e/kg due to energy-intensive roasting.

4. Lead-Acid Batteries

  • Key Materials: Lead (IV) Oxide
  • Resource Availability:
    • Lead: Extracted globally; major producers include China, Australia, and the U.S.
  • Extraction Process:
    • Lead: Mined from galena (PbS); involves roasting and smelting.
  • GHG Emissions:
    • Lead refining: 8-12 kg CO₂e/kg, primarily from smelting operations.

5. Lithium Primary Batteries

  • Key Materials: Iron Disulfide, Carbon Fluoride
  • Resource Availability:
    • Iron Disulfide: Abundant as a byproduct of pyrite mining.
    • Carbon Fluoride: Synthesized chemically from fluorine gas and carbon.
  • Extraction Process:
    • Iron Disulfide: Extracted during metal sulfide processing.
  • GHG Emissions:
    • Iron sulfide refining: 3-7 kg CO₂e/kg.
    • Carbon fluoride synthesis: 20-25 kg CO₂e/kg, due to fluorine gas production.

6. Mercury Batteries

  • Key Materials: Mercury Oxide
  • Resource Availability:
    • Mercury: Found in cinnabar ores; major reserves in China and Kyrgyzstan.
  • Extraction Process:
    • Roasting cinnabar (HgS) to release elemental mercury.
  • GHG Emissions:
    • Mercury refining: 5-8 kg CO₂e/kg, primarily due to high-temperature roasting.

7. Magnesium Batteries

  • Key Materials: Magnesium
  • Resource Availability:
    • Magnesium: Extracted from seawater and magnesite deposits; major producers include China and Russia.
  • Extraction Process:
    • Seawater-based: Precipitation with lime and electrolysis.
    • Magnesite: Thermal reduction or electrolysis.
  • GHG Emissions:
    • Magnesium refining: 15-20 kg CO₂e/kg, with electrolysis being energy-intensive.

8. Silver Oxide Batteries

  • Key Materials: Silver Oxide
  • Resource Availability:
    • Silver: Mined from silver-bearing ores; major producers include Mexico, Peru, and China.
  • Extraction Process:
    • Silver: Extracted via cyanidation or flotation processes.
  • GHG Emissions:
    • Silver refining: 10-15 kg CO₂e/kg, primarily from ore processing and cyanide usage.

9. Zinc-Air Batteries

  • Key Materials: Zinc, Air (Oxygen)
  • Resource Availability:
    • Zinc: See details under Zinc-Carbon Batteries.
  • Extraction Process:
    • Similar to zinc-carbon batteries.
  • GHG Emissions:
    • Similar to zinc-carbon batteries.

10. Copper Oxide Batteries

  • Key Materials: Copper Oxide
  • Resource Availability:
    • Copper: Abundant in Chile, Peru, and the U.S.
  • Extraction Process:
    • Copper: Extracted via pyrometallurgy or hydrometallurgy.
  • GHG Emissions:
    • Copper refining: 4-10 kg CO₂e/kg, depending on ore quality.

11. Chromium Oxide Batteries

  • Key Materials: Chromium Oxide
  • Resource Availability:
    • Chromium: Extracted from chromite ores; major producers include South Africa, Kazakhstan, and Turkey.
  • Extraction Process:
    • Chromite mining and refining through roasting and reduction.
  • GHG Emissions:
    • Chromium oxide production: 8-12 kg CO₂e/kg, due to high-temperature processes.

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