Concept of developing the water gel technology

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Water is available in liquid form which has its own properties and features. Based on its properties we are developing the new technology for its complete usage. Water is used for drinking and for the development of the propulsion system for the rockets. For fire safety, we have to develop a technology that should be environmentally friendly (free from chemicals) and should be capable enough to control fire from fire accidents.

We are trying to develop a water gel-type material which can be able to convert liquid water to gel form and able to compress water in huge quantities into a small space. When the water gel is in contact with air depending upon the amount of water gel is in contact with air the gel is converted into water.

The complete system can be installed on the top of the trains which are small compressed units that are fixed where the fire safety priority is more.

DENSITY OF LIQUIDS

The density of over 150 different liquids are listed below. While the data is useful for design, individual samples will differ. Temperature and purity will often have a marked influence.

As 1000kg of pure water @ 4°C = 1 cubic metre, those materials under 1000kg/cubic metre will float; more dense will sink ie. those materials with a specific gravity more than 1. More detailed data on 
 As 1000kg of pure water @ 4°C = 1 cubic metre, those materials under 1000kg/cubic metre will float; more dense will sink ie. those materials with a specific gravity more than 1. More detailed data on water is on another page.

Pure water at 4°C (max. density) was chosen as the 'base line' for specific gravity and given the value of 1. Some other standards set pure water at 60°F as sg = 1 so it is more correct to state the base used.
 The specific gravity of all other materials are compared to water as a fraction heavier or lighter density. 
 For example, acetic acid has a specific gravity (sg) of 1.0491 while acetone has a sg of 0.785 (784.58 kg/cu.m) - see table below

As specific gravity is just a comparison, it can be applied across any units. The density of pure water is also 62.4 lbs/cu.ft (pounds per cubic foot) and if we know that a sample of ethyl alcohol has a sg of 0.785 then we can calculate that its density is 0.785 x 62.4 = 49 lbs/cu.ft.

Note,
kg/cu.m divided by 16.02
= lbs/cu.ft.kg/cu.m divided by 1,000
= g/ml (grams per millilitre) and also
= kg/L (1000g = 1 kg & 1000ml = 1 Litre)

 

Liquid

Temp

kg/cu.m

1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane

25 C

1564.00

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene

20 C

1454.00

1,4-Dioxane

20 C

1033.60

2-Methoxyethanol

20 C

964.60

Acetic Acid

25 C

1049.10

Acetone

25 C

784.58

Acetonitrile

20 C

782.20

Alcohol, ethyl

25 C

785.06

Alcohol, methyl

25 C

786.51

Alcohol, propyl

25 C

799.96

Ammonia (aqua)

25 C

823.35

Analine

25 C

1018.93

Automobile oils

15 C

880 - 940

Beer (varies)

10 C

1010

Benzene

25 C

873.81

Benzil

25 C

1079.64

Brine

15 C

1230

Bromine

25 C

3120.40

Butyric Acid

20 C

959

Butane

25 C

599.09

n-Butyl Acetate

20 C

879.60

n-Butyl Alcohol

20 C

809.70

n-Butyl Chloride

20 C

886.20

Caproic acid

25 C

921.06

Carbolic acid

15 C

956.30

Carbon disulfide

25 C

1260.97

Carbon tetrachloride

25 C

1584.39

Carene

25 C

856.99

Castor oil

25 C

956.14

Chloride

25 C

1559.88

Chlorobenzene

20 C

1105.80

Chloroform

20 C

1489.20

Chloroform

25 C

1464.73

Citric acid

25 C

1659.51

Coconut oil

15 C

924.27

Cotton seed oil

15 C

925.87

Cresol

25 C

1023.58

Creosote

15 C

1066.83

Crude oil, 48° API

60 F

790

Crude oil, 40° API

60 F

825

Crude oil, 35.6° API

60 F

847

Crude oil, 32.6° API

60 F

862

Crude oil, California

60 F

915

Crude oil, Mexican

60 F

973

Crude oil, Texas

60 F

873

Cumene

25 C

860.19

Cyclohexane

20 C

778.50

Cyclopentane

20 C

745.40

Decane

25 C

726.28

Diesel fuel oil 20 to 60

15 C

820 - 950

Diethyl ether

20 C

714

o-Dichlorobenzene

20 C

1305.80

Dichloromethane

20 C

1326.00

Diethylene glycol

15 C

1120

Dichloromethane

20 C

1326.00

Dimethyl Acetamide

20 C

941.50

N,N-Dimethylformamide

20 C

948.70

Dimethyl Sulfoxide

20 C

1100.40

Dodecane

25 C

754.63

Ethane

-89 C

570.26

Ether

25 C

72.72

Ethylamine

16 C

680.78

Ethyl Acetate

20 C

900.60

Ethyl Alcohol

20 C

789.20

Ethyl Ether

20 C

713.30

Ethylene Dichloride

20 C

1253.00

Ethylene glycol

25 C

1096.78

Fluorine refrigerant R-12

25 C

1310.95

Formaldehyde

45 C

812.14

Formic acid 10% concentration

20 C

1025

Formic acid 80% concentration

20 C

1221

Freon - 11

21 C

1490

Freon - 21

21 C

1370

Fuel oil

60 F

890.13

Furan

25 C

1416.03

Furforol

25 C

1154.93

Gasoline, natural

60 F

711.22

Gasoline, Vehicle

60 F

737.22

Gas oils

60 F

890

Glucose

60 F

1350 - 1440

Glycerin

25 C

1259.37

Glyme

20 C

869.10

Glycerol

25 C

1126.10

Heptane

25 C

679.50

Hexane

25 C

654.83

Hexanol

25 C

810.53

Hexene

25 C

671.17

Hydrazine

25 C

794.52

Iodine

25 C

4927.28

Ionene

25 C

932.27

Isobutyl Alcohol

20 C

801.60

Iso-Octane

20 C

691.90

Isopropyl Alcohol

20 C

785.40

Isopropyl Myristate

20 C

853.20

Kerosene

60 F

817.15

Linolenic Acid

25 C

898.64

Linseed oil

25 C

929.07

Methane

-164 C

464.54

Methanol

20 C

791.30

Methyl Isoamyl Ketone

20 C

888.00

Methyl Isobutyl Ketone

20 C

800.80

Methyl n-Propyl Ketone

20 C

808.20

Methyl t-Butyl Ether

20 C

740.50

N-Methylpyrrolidone

20 C

1030.40

Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK)

20 C

804.90

MEK

25 C

802.52

Milk

15 C

1020 - 1050

Naphtha

15 C

664.77

Naphtha, wood

25 C

959.51

Napthalene

25 C

820.15

Ocimene

25 C

797.72

Octane

15 C

917.86

Olive oil

20 C

800 - 920

Oxygen (liquid)

-183 C 

1140

Palmitic Acid

25 C

850.58

Pentane

20 C

626.20

Pentane

25 C

624.82

Petroleum Ether

20 C

640.00

Petrol, natural

60 F

711.22

Petrol, Vehicle

60 F

737.22

Phenol

25 C

1072.28

Phosgene

0 C

1377.59

Phytadiene

25 C

823.35

Pinene

25 C

856.99

Propane

-40 C

583.07

Propane, R-290

25 C

493.53

Propanol

25 C

804.13

Propylene Carbonate

20 C

1200.60

Propylene

25 C

514.35

n-Propyl Alcohol

20 C

803.70

Propylene glycol

25 C

965.27

Pyridine

25 C

978.73

Pyrrole

25 C

965.91

Rape seed oil

20 C

920

Resorcinol

25 C

1268.66

Rosin oil

15 C

980

Sabiname

25 C

812.14

Sea water

25 C

1025.18

Silane

25 C

717.63

Sodium Hydroxide (caustic soda)

15 C

1250

Sorbaldehyde

25 C

895.43

Soya bean oil

15 C

924 - 928

Stearic Acid

25 C

890.63

Sulphuric Acid 95% conc.

20 C

1839

Sugar solution 68 brix

15 C

1338

Sunflower oil

20 C

920

Styrene

25 C

903.44

Terpinene

25 C

847.38

Tetrahydrofuran

20 C

888.00

Toluene

20 C

866.90

Toluene

25 C

862.27

Triethylamine

20 C

727.60

Trifluoroacetic Acid

20 C

1489.00

Turpentine

25 C

868.20

Water, pure (more temperatures)

4 C

1000.00

Water, sea

77 F

1021.98

Whale oil

15 C

925

o-Xylene

20 C

880.20

 

Location: India

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